xread 'Characters from Carpenter (1982), adding characters from Carpenter and Cumming (1985) Carpenter (1987, 1988, 1991, 1993, 2003) Carpenter and Perera (2006) Brothers (1975), Wenzel (1993), Kojima (1998), Noll (2001)'333 148 Scolia_verticalis 0000000010100-100-0000100000000000000000000-0000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000010001000-00-00010010000000010-00000000101000000000000000000000000000000000-000000000010000000000000000000000000000100000000-0000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000--000----0-000000000000000000010000000-000000000000000000000000 Euparagia_desertorum 0010100100010010000001001000000100001000000-0000000100000001100110010000000010000000000000010100010-00-00100101000000000000100000120010000000000000001010011000000000-00100000010000000010000000000000000000000001011110010001000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000010--000----0-000000000000100010000000000-000001000000000000000100 Euparagia_scutellaris 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1111011001100021011023100001111201000010010-00000111000000062210302300000000001001000110001100021111010001100000111001000118100011001011110011210010010400111000010010013000000100001002010620111000000020110001030111000111012010100010111011011013100000120110000001010001130112011124-1101111111001102101010122210132111110102112111211011 Polybia_liliacea 1111011001100021011023100001111201000010010-0000011100000006221030230000000000100100011000110002110-010001100000111001000118100011011011110011210010010400111000210010013000000100001002010620111000000020110001030111000111012010100010111011011013100000120110000001010001130112011124-1101111111001102101010122210132111110102112111211011 Polybia_occidentalis_nigratella 1111011001100021011023100001111201000010010-0000011100000006221030230000000000100100011000110002110-010001100000111001000118100011011011110011210010010400111000210010013000000100001002010620111000000020110001030111000111012010100010111011011013200000120110000001010001130112011124-1101111111001102101010122210132111110102112111211011 Polybia_occidentalis_occidentalis 1111011001100021011023100001111201000010010-0000011100000006221030230000000000100100011000110002110-010001100000111001000118100011011011110011210010010400111000210010013000000100001002010620111000000020110001030111000111012010100010111011011013200000120110000001010001130112011124-1101111111001102101010122210132111110102112111211011 Polybia_raui 1111011001100021011023100001111201010010010-00000111000000062210302300000000001001000110011100021111010001100000111001000118100011011011110011210010010400111000210010013000000100001002010620111000000020110001030111000111012010100010111011011013100000120110000001010001130112011124-1101111111001102101010122210132111110102112111211011 Polybia_rejecta 1111011001100021011023100001111201000010010-00000111000000062210302300000000001001000110001400021111010001100000111001000118100011011011110011210010010400111000011010013000000100001002010620111000000020110001030111000111012010100010111011011013200000120111000001010001130112011124-1101111111001102101010122210132111110102112111211011 Polybia_ruficeps_ruficeps 1111011001100021011023100001111201000010010-0000011100000006221030230000000000100100011000110002110-010001100000111001000118100011011011110011210010010400111000210010013000000100001002010620111000000020110001030111000111012010100010111011011013200000120110000001010001130112011124-1101111111001102101010122210132111110102112111211011 Polybia_sericea 1111011001100021011023100001111201000010010-0000011100000006221030230000000000100100011001110002110-010001100000111001000118100011011011110011210010010400111000210010013000000100001002010620111000000020110001030111000111012010100010111011011013100000120110000001010001130112011124-1101111111001102101010122210132111110102112111211011 Polybia_striata 1111011001100021011023100001111201000010010-0000011100000006221030230000000000100100011000110002110-010001100000111001000118100011011011110011210010010400111000010010013000000100001002010620111000000020110001030111000111012010100010111011011012100000120110000001010001130112011124-1101111111001102101010122210132111110102112111211011 Polybia_velutina 1111011001100021011023100001111201000010010-0000011100000006221030230000000000100100011001110002110-010001100000111001000118100011011011110011210010010400111000210010013000000100001002010620111000000020110001030111000111012010100010111011011013100000120110000001010001130112011124-1101111111001102101010122210132111110102112111211011 Polybioides_melainus 1111011001100021011023100001111201000010010-0011001100000102210030230000010100100100011000110001100-010001100000111000000118100011101011110011210010010400111000210010013000000100001002010521111000000020110002030111000111011010100010011101010010100000020101000112000001131012000000-1101111111001102101010122211132112112102112111111011 Protonectarina_sylveirae 1111011001100021011023100001111201010010010-0000011100000006220030230000000000100100011000110001111101000110000011100100011810001101101111001121001001040011100011001001300000010000100201003011100000002010000103011100011101201010?0101111010???1210000??????00?0?????0001130112011124-110111111100110210101012221?13211?110102112111211011 Protopolybia_emortualis 1111011001100021011023100001111201000010010-00000111000000062210302300000000001001000110001100011111010001100000111001000118100011011011110011210010010410111000210010013000000100001002010620111000000020110001030111000111012010100010111101011012??000112011000000001000113001401000200001111111001102101010122210132111110102112111211011 Protopolybia_exigua_exigua 1111011001100021011023100001111201000010010-0000011100000006221030230000000000100100011000110001111101000110000011100100011810001101101111001121001001041011100021001001300000010000100201062011100000002011000103011100011101201010001011110101101210000112011000000001000113001401000201001111111001102101010122210132111110102112111211011 Protopolybia_scutellaris 1111011001100021011023100001111201000010010-000001110000000622103023000000000010010001100011000111110100011000001110010001181000110110111100112100100104101110002100100130000001000010020106201110000000201100010301110001110120101000101111010110122000011201100000000100011300100----200001111111001102101010122210132111110102112111211011 Protopolybia_sedula 1111011001100021011023100001111201000010010-00000111000000062210302300000000001001000110001000011111010001100000111001000118100011011011110011210010010410111000210010013000000100001002010620111000000020110001030111000111012010100010111101011012100001120110000000010001130014010000-1001111111001102101010122211132112110102112111211011 Pseudopolybia_compressa 1111011001100021011023100001111201000010010-0000011100000002210030230000000000000100011000140001111101000110000011100000011810001100101111001121001001040011100021001001300000010000100201003010100000002010000103011100011101201010001011101101101010000012012?000??201000113001200000201001111111001102101010122210132111110102112111211011 Pseudopolybia_vespiceps 1111011001100021011023100001111201000010010-0000011100000002210030230000000000000100011000140001111101000110000011100000011810001100101111001121001001040011100021001001300000010000100201003010100000002010000103011100011101201010001011101101101010000012012100011201000113001200000201001111111001102101010122210132111110102112111211011 ; cc - 4 14 36 42 44.45 48 50.52 59.61 67 73 78.79 91.92 103 123 129.131 135 151 160.161 165 168 179 186 188.190 196.197 204 209 211 213 215 217.218 222 225 228 234 237.239 243 245 249.254 259.261 269 272.274 278.279 283 296 311 317 320 331.332; cc + 0.3 5.13 15.35 37.41 43 46.47 49 53.58 62.66 68.72 74.77 80.90 93.102 104.122 124.128 132.134 136.150 152.159 162.164 166.167 169.178 180.185 187 191.195 198.203 205.208 210 212 214 216 219.221 223.224 226.227 229.233 235.236 240.242 244 246.248 255.258 262.268 270.271 275.277 280.282 284.295 297.310 312.316 318.319 321.330; proc /; optcode u 0.332; # $ ; cn {0 Forewing_longitudinal_plaiting absent present; {1 Forewing_vein_alignment absent M+CuA,_CuA._m-cu1_and_M_aligned_in_straight_bar; {2 Forewing_first_discal_cell shorter_than_submedian_cell at_least_the_equal_of_the_submedian_cell; {3 Forewing_basal_cell apically_subtruncate_(wide) apically_acute; {4 Forewing_cu-a_position distad_of_fork_of_M+CuA at_fork basad; {5 Forewing_cu-a_curve present straight; {6 Forewing_cu-a_length >0.3_length_of_M <0.3_length_of_M; {7 Forewing_subdiscal_cell not_produced_dorsoapically produced; {8 Forewing_submarginal_cells three two; {9 Basal_angle_of_first_submarginal_cell broad acute; {10 Forewing_RS vertical_beneath_prestigma oblique_beneaath_prestigma; {11 Forewing_RS_length section_below_prestigma_long section_below_prestigma_short; {12 Forewing_second_submarginal_cell_shape narrowed_above quadrate; {13 Placement_of_forewing_m-cu2 close_to_r-m2 far_from_r-m2; {14 Second_submarginal_cell basal_angle_obtuse,_M_and_Rs_angled basal_angle_acute,_M_and_Rs_angled basal_angle_obtuse,_M_and_Rs_aligned; {15 Third_submarginal_cell apically_rounded apically_subtruncate; {16 Forewing_r-m3 gently_curved_to_straight sigmoidal; {17 Forewing_recurrent_veins received_in_second_and_third_submarginal_cells received_in_second_submarginal_cell; {18 First_recurrent_vein angled_sharply_into_second_submarginal_cell running_straight_into_second_submarginal_cell; {19 Prestigma_length shorter_than_pterostigma about_equal_in_length_to_pterostigma longer_than_pterostigma; {20 Pterostigma truncate_anteriorly subtruncate,_basal_angle_of_marginal_cell_acute pointed_anteriorly; {21 Forewing_marginal_cell broadly_rounded angled_away_from_wing_margin narrowed narrowed_and_pointed_onto_wing_margin; {22 Forewing_marginal_cell_appendix present absent; {23 Marginal_cell_shape Rs_angled_near_middle_of_cell Rs_angled_close_to_pterostigma,_then_straight; {24 Forewing_preaxillary_excision present absent; {25 Hamuli_placement beginning_basad_of_fork_of_R1_and_RS beginning_at_fork; {26 Hindwing_cell_number three two; {27 Hindwing_subbasal_cell broadest_apically broadest_subapically; {28 Hindwing_jugal_lobe long short absent; {29 Hindwing_axillary_incision shallow deep absent; {30 Hindwing_cu-a transverse angled_with_A aligned_with_A; {31 Hindwing_CuA diverging_distad_of_cu-a diverging_at_cu-a diverging_basad_of_cu-a; {32 Hindwing_A free_abscissa_present absent; {33 Hindwing_preaxillary_excision absent shallow deep; {34 Male_hindwing_margin posterior_margin_hyaline posterior_margin_with_pigmented_seam; {35 Eyes without_bristles with_many_bristles; {36 Ocellar-eye_distance greater_than_distance_between_posterior_ocelli less_than_distance_between_posterior_ocelli less_than_diameter_of_ocellus; {37 Ocelli smaller_than_distance_between_them as_large_as_distance_between_them; {38 Ocellar_triangle very_broadly_obtuse nearly_equilateral_to_elongate; {39 Ocellar-occipital_distance greater_than_length_of_ocellar_triangle less_than_length_of_ocellar_triangle; {40 Vertex_tubercles absent present; {41 Vertex_declivity distant_from_ocellar_triangle pronounced_behind_ocellar_triangle; {42 Female_cephalic_foveae absent two_present,_close well_separated,short_invaginations one; {43 Foveal_hairs few profuse; {44 Female_cephalic_depression absent present raised_area; {45 Antennal_swelling flagellomere_8_(9)_less_than_twice_the_width_of_2 flagellomere_8_(9)_much_more_than_twice_the_width_of_2 club; {46 Female_antennal_articles 12 11; {47 Male_antennal_articles 13 12; {48 Male_antennal_apex simple hooked apical_antennomeres_buttonlike coiled; {49 Tyloids present absent; {50 Female_first_flagellomere short,_<_half_length_of_scape long,_approaching_length_of_scape scape_short,_first_flagellomere_longer; {51 Frons without_seam_or_striae longitudinal_seam_present longitudinally_striate; {52 Interantennal_space broad,_rounded narrow,_drawn_up_carinate projecting flat,_triangular; {53 Interantennal_distance clearly_more_than_antennal_socket_diameter about_antennal_socket_diameter; {54 Antennal_separation not_lateral_to_posterior_ocelli well_lateral_to_posterior_ocelli; {55 Frontoclypeal_suture distinct indistinct; {56 Antennal_sockets close_to_clypeus distant_from_clypeus_by_more_than_two_socket_diameters; {57 Anterior_tentorial_pits in_contact_with_or_close_to_antennal_sockets far_below_antennal_sockets; {58 Clypeus_dorsum straight bisinuate; {59 Female_clypeus_apex broadly_rounded narrowly_emarginate sharply_pointed truncate truncate_depressed_medially broadly_emarginate feebly_pointed; {60 Male_clypeus_apex broadly_rounded narrowly_emarginate pointed truncate truncate-rounded broadly_emarginate; {61 Clypeal_lateral_lobes absent present,_angular present,_rounded; {62 Clypeus_profile convex dorsally_flattened; {63 Female_clypeal-eye_separation touching not_touching; {64 Labrum broad,_partly_concealed_by_clypeus narrow,_well_sclerotized broad,_exposed very_narrow_and_reduced; {65 Mandibles_decussate tips_overlapping tips_projecting_well_beyond_opposing_mandible; {66 Female_mandibular_teeth two three four five; {67 Male_mandibular_teeth one two three four; {68 Mandibular_teeth_placement clustered_towards_tip_of_mandible along_long_axis_of_mandible; {69 Mandibular_teeth pointed with_elongate_cutting_edge,__half_the_width_of_segment_II segment_I_<_half_the_width_of_segment_II,_campanulate segment_I_<_half_the_width_of_segment_II,_flasklike segment_I_<_half_the_width_of_segment_II,_bulbous_apically segment_I_<_half_the_width_of_segment_II,_elongate_apically segment_I_<_half_the_width_of_segment_II,_parallel-sided segment_I_<_half_the_width_of_segment_II,_flaring segment_I_<_half_the_width_of_segment_II,_nodose; {188 Metasomal_Tergum_I_expansion_to_maximum_width basal,_abrupt medial,_abrupt very_gradual even_curve_in_dorsal_view; {189 Metasomal_Tergum_I_maximum_width_placement posterior subapical medial; {190 Metasomal_Tergum_I_declivity angular_in_lateral_view little_pronounced even_curve; {191 Metasomal_segment_I_spiracles at_expansion_of_segment well_anterior_to_expansion; {192 Metasomal_Tergum_and_Sternum_I unfused fused; {193 Metasomal_Tergum_I_margins lateral_margins_not_meeting_ventrally lateral_margins_closely_approximated_ventrally lateral_margins_meeting_ventrally; {194 Metasomal_Tergum_I_transverse_carina absent present; {195 Longitudinal_furrow_of_metasomal_Tergum_I absent present; {196 Metasomal_Tergum_I_lamella absent transverse_apical_thickening_with_caudal_lamella slightly_thickened no_apical_thickening,_translucent_border; {197 Metasomal_Sternum_I_sculpture smooth anterior_ridges,_coarse_punctation_or_striae finely_striate anterior_carina; {198 Metasomal_Segment_II sessile petiolate_basally; {199 Metasomal_Tergum_II not_constricted_basally constricted_basally; {200 Tergal_thyridium absent transverse,_basal elongate; {201 Metasomal_Tergum_II_apical_lamella absent present; {202 Metasomal_retraction absent present; {203 Metasomal_Sternum_II_transverse_furrow present absent; {204 Metasomal_Sternum_II_basal_ridges absent present traces; {205 Metasomal_Sternum_II_declivity gradual truncate; {206 Metasomal_Sternum_II_sulcus absent basomedian,_longitudinal_sulcus_present; {207 Sternal_II_thyridium absent elongate indented; {208 Male_sternal_processes absent present; {209 Female_Sternum_VI rounded with_small_apical_depression flat notched; {210 Female_Sternum_VI_margins flat elongate,_curving_up; {211 Male_Sternum_VII convex flat broadly_emarginate,_laterally_carinate depressed emarginate; {212 Basal_ring elongate short; {213 Parameral_spines absent present elongate dilated; {214 Parameral_spine_curvature absent strongly_recurved; {215 Paramere_process absent broad_inflection pointed fingerlike; {216 Paramere_base not_emarginate_dorsally emarginate_dorsally; {217 Volsella cuspis_elongate,_digitus_absent cuspis_truncate,_digitus_broad cuspis_rounded,_digitus_acute fused; {218 Cuspis cuspis_and_lamina_not_fused fused,_sclerotized fused,_sclerotizaton_reduced; {219 Volsellar_apodeme absent present; {220 Aedeagus broad,_blunt narrow,_attenuate; {221 Aedeagal_apical_indentation deep shallow absent; {222 Van_der_Vechts_gland absent external_modified_area_present externally_absent; {223 Ovariole_number three_per_ovary four_or_more_per_ovary; {224 Posterior_frame_of_larval_cranium well_developed weak_tentorial_bridge_thin; {225 Larval_cranial_shape_in_frontal_view subcircular_or_suboval_with_lateral_sides_uniformly_curved lateral_sides_weakly_recurved_near_mandibular_bases widest_at_or_below_level_of_line_joining_anterior_tentorial_pits; {226 Position_of_larval_anterior_tentorial_pit at_or_slightly_below_level_of_tentorial_bridge above_level_of_tentorial_bridge; {227 Larval_hypostomal_ridge nearly_straight_or_weakly_and_smoothly_curved ventral_margin_sinuate_near_mandibular_base; {228 Larval_cranial_setae short_sparse dense_long_hairy rather_strong_bristles; {229 Larval_head_color hardly_pigmented extensively_pigmented; {230 Larval_antenna_size small large; {231 Larval_antenna nearly_flat with_elongate_papilla; {232 Larval_antenna-anterior_tentorial_pit_distance distinctly_more_than_diameter_of_antenna close; {233 Dorsal_margin_of_larval_clypeus well_defined_by_an_internal_thickening thickening_weak_or_nearly_disappearing; {234 Larval_clypeus mid-point_below_level_of_mandibular_base mid-point_at_or_above_level_of_mandibular_base mid-point_about_at_level_of_mandibular_base; {235 Larval_labral_width narrower_than_maximum_width_of_clypeus as_wide_as_or_only_slightly_narrower_than_clypeus; {236 Larval_labrum-clypeus_junction labrum_narrowed_where_it_joins_clypeus labrum_not_narrowed_where_it_joins_clypeus; {237 Larval_labral_shape bilobed_ventrally hardly_emarginate_ventrally with_lateral_projections_trilobed; {238 Larval_labral_papillae weak,_low_and_simple_cone nearly_absent strong_elongate; {239 Spicules_on_larval_palate present_nearly_over_its_surface_or_absent_only_mediodorsally present_only_ventrally_and_or_laterally absent; {240 Shape_of_spicules_on_larval_palate pointed_apically scale-like; {241 Spicules_on_larval_mandibular_corium absent present; {242 Larval_mandibular_teeth_sclerotization strong,_well_sclerotized weak,_sclerotized_as_strongly_as_in_basal_area_of_mandible; {243 Larval_mandibles touching_or_slightly_separate_when_closed elongate_attenuate_crossed_when_closed reduced_in_size,_widely_separated_when_closed reduced_in_size,_with_tooth_short_or_nearly_disappearing; {244 Larval_mandibular_teeth tridentate bidentate unidentate; {245 Larval_teeth_arrangement All_teeth_distinctly_separated_in_nearly_the_same_plane one_tooth_set_back_from_dorsal_margin two_upper_teeth_rudimentary; {246 Larval_mandibular_cusps absent present; {247 Larval_mandibular_setae absent present; {248 Larval_maxilla compressed_hardly_swollen_basally strongly_basally_swollen; {249 Larval_maxillary_spicules present_on_upper_surface_and/or_extending_apically present_in_basal_(or_lateral)_half absent; {250 Larval_maxillary_palpus thick_flat_apically thick_not_flat_apically slender,_elongate thick_weakly_bilobed_apically; {251 Larval_galea simple_cone_with_two_apical_sensilla complex,_usually_with_more_than_two bilobed_apically_with_single_sensillum_on_each_lobe bilobed_with_two_sensilla_on_one_of_lobes_or_trilobed thick_flat_apically; {252 Larval_labial_palpus thick_flat_apically slender_elongate thick_weakly_bilobed_apically; {253 Setae_behind_each_larval_labial_palpus absent single_or_two many; {254 Spicules_on_larval_postmentum absent present_ventrally_and_or_laterally dense_on_nearly_entire_surface; {255 First_larval_spiracle as_large_as_or_slightly_larger_than_succeeding_spiracles larger_(about_1.5x) distinctly_larger_(>2.0x); {256 Spicules_on_larval_atrial_wall absent present; {257 Processes_at_primary_tracheal_opening_in_larvae absent simple_not_branching branching; {258 Abdominal_segment_I_ventral_lobes_in_larvae absent present; {259 Setae_on_venter_of_thoracic_segment_I_in_larvae minute_or_short long,_hairy thick_bristles absent; {260 Setae_on_venter_of_abdominal_segment_I_in_larvae minute_or_short long,_hairy thick_bristles; {261 Spicules_on_venter_of_larval_thoracic_segments_II_and_III simple_pointed_apically simple_blunt_apically_or_minutely_dentate_ridges absent_at_least_area_between_leg-bud_plates; {262 Setae_on_dorsum_of_thoracic_segment_I_in_larvae minute_or_short long; {263 Spicules_on_dorsum_of_thoracic_segment_I_in_larvae absent present; {264 Larval_tenth_abdominal_segment flat tuberculate; {265 Pupal_scutal_prongs absent present; {266 Pupal_metasomal_bending absent bent_ventrally_at_junction_of_I_and_II; {267 Nest_number multiple single; {268 Nest_construction closed_cell specialized_nest_constructed; {269 Nest_architecture burrow_in_soil renting_pre-existing_cavities separate_mud_cells comb; {270 Comb_shape rectinidal laterinidal; {271 Comb_propagation expanding_gradually built_suddenly_or_in_successive_blocks; {272 Free,_aerial_nests absent present enclosed; {273 Envelope none single_sheet_from_substrate,_secretion single_sheet_from_substrate,_paper nested_spheres_from_pedicel_region single_sheet_from_margin_of_comb; {274 Entrance simple long_downward_spout short_peripheral_collar; {275 Envelope_shape flask-shaped dome-shaped; {276 Envelope_expansion remodeled_to_allow_comb_to_grow_beyond_initial_periphery prefabricated_restricting_comb_growth_to_initial_diameter; {277 Envelope_closure most_cells_laid_before_envelope_closes envelope_closes_during_cell_outlining; {278 Envelope_reinforcement by_blots secretion imbricate; {279 Comb_pedicel absent flattened_pedicel_of_friable_paper rodlike_pedicel felt_platform pulp_foundation; {280 Pedicel_placement cell-marginal cell-central; {281 Secondary_combs absent present; {282 Secondary_envelopes absent present; {283 Suspensoria absent present,_ribbonlike present,_pillarlike; {284 Nest_material soil paper; {285 Brood_cells independent_cells sharing_walls; {286 Cell_shape ellipitical hexagonal; {287 Brood_cell_construction performed_from_start_to_finish_by_a_single_female various_individuals_engaged_at_the_same_time; {288 Brood_cell_construction each_cell_is_followed_by_oviposition more_than_one_cell_can_be_built_before_oviposition; {289 Open_brood_cells single multiple; {290 Cell_construction_and_oviposition always_by_the_same_female in_part_in_cells_built_by_other_females; {291 Queen_cells no_special_cells_constructed_for_rearing_queens special_queen_cells_constructed; {292 Oviposition direct indirect; {293 Oviposition_timing onto_prey into_empty_cell; {294 Oviposition_in_the_presence_of_more_than_one_female more_than_one_female_can_lay_eggs_at_the_same_time only_the_queens_lay_eggs; {295 Egg_and_provision_platform absent metasomal_secretion; {296 Provisions Coleoptera Lepidoptera arthropod_generalist pollen; {297 Prey_number one many; {298 Prey live also_carrion; {299 Prey_capture with_sting with_mandibles; {300 Prey_site external concealed; {301 Malaxation_of_prey absent present; {302 Flight_time diurnal nocturnal; {303 Timing_of_provisioning prior_to_egg_hatch after_egg_hatch; {304 Progressive_provisioning absent present,_amount_sufficient_to_last_a_day_or_more present,_amount_not_sufficient_to_last_a_day; {305 Cell_provisioning always_by_the_same_female_that_oviposited_in_the_cell by_the_same_female_that_oviposited_in_the_cell_in_the_solitary_phase always_by_other_females_than_that_which_oviposited; {306 Division_of_labor solitary temporary_eusociality permanant_sterility; {307 Morphological_differences_between_castes no_castes caste_differences_statistical castes_differ_strikingly; {308 Worker_number "small"_(<800_maximum_at_peak) "large"_(>5,000_maximum_at_peak); {309 Nesting_cycle determinate indeterminate; {310 Number_of_queens absent short-term_monogyny matrifilial_monogyny polygyny; {311 Colony_foundation solitary swarm_with_single_queen swarm_with_multiple_queens; {312 Extended_brood_care absent present; {313 Nest_sharing absent present; {314 Nest_size single_cell "small"_(<3,500_cells_maximum_at_peak) "large"_(>10,000_cells_maximum_at_peak); {315 Overlap_of_adult_generations absent present; {316 Cell_re-use absent present; {317 Meconium_extraction absent present,_through_cell_entrance present,_through_cell_back; {318 Adult-adult_trophallaxis absent present; {319 Cocoon complete incomplete; {320 Cell_closure present narrowing_of_cell absent; {321 Larval_diapause present absent; {322 Adult_emergence protandry protogyny; {323 Larval-adult_trophallaxis absent licking_of_secretion direct; {324 Antivertebrate_venom absent present; {325 Nest_defense absent present; {326 Ant_repellent absent present; {327 Foraging_behavior all_individuals_forage all_individuals_forage_but_dominants_stay_in_the_nest_more queens_never_forage; {328 Time_of_cell_closure immediately_after_provisioning upon_pupation; {329 Thermoregulartory_behavior absent wing_fanning; {330 Water_collection_for_construction absent present; {331 Unevenly-aged_brood absent present; {332 Dominance_heirarchies absent present; ;